Problem No. 54: High efficiency trays for the urea reactor

The main reasons for the installation of high efficiency trays (HET) in a urea reactor are as follows: 1) to improve the redistribution of unreacted carbon dioxide inside the liquid
phase rich in free ammonia, 2) to reduce the back mixing phenomena due to the density increase of carbamate and urea solution from the bottom to the top of the reactor and 3) to reduce channelling which has a negative effect on the solution residence time.

Prabhat Srivastava from Tata Chemical Limited, India, starts the round table discussion: Casale supplies high efficiency reactor trays for increasing conversion efficiency. I have read a short article about another type of high efficiency trays named SuperCups. Does anyone know anything about these high efficiency Super-Cups developed by Saipem? Do you know of any references where they are being used?